Brain parts can evolve independently, shows analysis of brains of 10,000 mice

ScienceDaily (Sep. 25, 2012) ? An evolutionary biologist at The University of Manchester, working with scientists in the United States, has found compelling evidence that parts of the brain can evolve independently from each other. It's hoped the findings will significantly advance our understanding of the brain.

The unique 15-year study with researchers at the University of Tennessee and Harvard Medical School also identified several genetic loci that control the size of different brain parts.

The aim of the research was to find out if different parts of the brain can respond independently of each other to evolutionary stimulus (mosaic evolution) or whether the brain responds as a whole (concerted evolution). Unlike previous studies the researchers compared the brain measurements within just one species. The findings have been published in the journal Nature Communications.

The brains of approximately 10,000 mice were analysed. Seven individual parts of each brain were measured by volume and weight. The entire genome, except the Y chromosome, was scanned for each animal and the gene set for each brain part identified.

Dr Reinmar Hager from the Faculty of Life Sciences compared variation in the size of the brain parts to variation in the genes. He found that the variation in the size of brain parts is controlled by the specific gene set for that brain part and not a shared set of genes.

He also compared the measurements for each mouse to the overall size of its brain. Surprisingly he found very little correlation between the sizes of the brain parts and the overall size of the brain.

Dr Hager says: "If all the different brain parts evolved as a whole we would expect that the same set of genes influences size in all parts. However, we found many gene variations for each different part of the brain supporting a mosaic scenario of brain evolution. We also found very little correlation between the size of the brain parts and the overall size of the brain. This again supports the mosaic evolutionary hypothesis."

Using the data collected from the mice Dr Hager and colleagues analysed the genes that influence the size of the brain to the genes that control the size of the body. They wanted to find out how independent size regulation of the brain is to that of the body.

They found evidence that the size of the brain is governed by an independent gene set to the one that controls the size of the body. Again they found vey little correlation between variations in the size of the body and the brain.

The evidence means that overall brain size can evolve independently of body size.

Following this research more work will be carried out to identify the specific genes that underlie the size of different parts in the brain

Dr Hager says: "If we can identify the specific genes that cause variations in the size of brain parts then there will be big implications for researchers looking at neuronal disease and brain development. We hope this research will significantly advance our understanding of the brain."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Manchester.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Reinmar Hager, Lu Lu, Glenn D. Rosen, Robert W. Williams. Genetic architecture supports mosaic brain evolution and independent brain?body size regulation. Nature Communications, 2012; 3: 1079 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2086

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/OH7hUBzLW5I/120926094544.htm

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IRS grants relief for reliance on tax professional | New Orleans ...

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Source: http://neworleanscitybusiness.com/blog/2012/09/24/irs-grants-relief-for-reliance-on-tax-professional/

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2 poached baby gorillas raise fears in Congo

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/2-poached-baby-gorillas-raise-fears-congo-133714261.html

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Source: http://www.mandarinmnemonics.com/techniques-for-having-the-payday-advance-that-you-desire/

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Colombian peace deal would not end all violence: report

BOGOTA (Reuters) - A peace accord with Marxist FARC rebels would not likely end all bloodshed in Colombia because breakaway renegade fighters and other drug-funded crime gangs would continue to battle government troops, an influential think-tank said on Tuesday.

Half-way through his four-year term, President Juan Manuel Santos is taking the biggest political gamble of his career, negotiating with leftist rebels to try to end a nearly five-decade war that has killed tens of thousands of people.

The talks, which were announced after two years of secret negotiations with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, known as the FARC, are the first attempt in a decade to end the war and will start in Norway next month then move to Cuba.

"Fears over peace talks are tactically exaggerated by their opponents. But those promoting a political settlement also need to keep expectations in check. A deal would not eliminate violence," the Brussels-based International Crisis Group said.

"It likely would fail to convince some FARC elements to lay down arms, notably those deeply involved in the drugs trade. There would still be significant security threats from illegal armed groups rooted in the officially demobilized paramilitaries and from other organized criminal gangs."

After pushing through major reforms such as giving back land to displaced peasants, which were seen as paving the way for talks, Santos is trying to do what no other government since 1964 has been able to do - reach a deal with the FARC.

The last attempt at peace more than a decade ago collapsed and was seen as having helped the FARC build up their fighting forces. But 10 years later the rebels are at the weakest in their history after heavy blows to their leadership and funding.

In a 32-page report, the International Crisis Group said that Colombia probably had a "more than even chance" of succeeding in negotiations this time, as the government faces fewer obstacles and a majority of Colombians support the talks.

Santos promises his government has learned from the mistakes of previous leaders who tried but failed to clinch a lasting deal, and he has been cautious when talking about the possible success of the discussions.

POLITICAL FUTURE

A Colombian intelligence source told Reuters that some FARC commanders in southern Colombia, where soil conditions are perfect for cultivation of coca - the raw material for cocaine - are against the peace talks.

Santos' government and the FARC have set an agenda for talks that includes the rights of victims, land ownership in rural areas and cocaine production and smuggling.

The success of peace talks will also determine whether Santos, who was a defense minister in former President Alvaro Uribe's government, stands for re-election in 2014 and whether his ruling coalition will stay together.

The stakes are high for both sides.

"Engaging in peace talks with FARC is a bold gamble. Failure would significantly damage the political capital of the Santos administration and likely pave the way for hardliners to return to power in the 2014 elections, closing the window for a negotiated settlement for a long time," the group said.

"For FARC, failure would likely have grave consequences, especially if it bore most of the blame. Having lost a possibly last chance to end the conflict with a political deal and recognition of its struggle, it could anticipate a future of complete political irrelevance, further heavy military pressure and increasing internal tensions."

(Reporting by Jack Kimball; Editing by Helen Murphy and Cynthia Osterman)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/colombian-peace-deal-not-end-violence-report-080446811.html

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Making and breaking heterochromatin

ScienceDaily (Sep. 25, 2012) ? To fit the two-meter long DNA molecule into a cell nucleus that is only a few thousandths of a millimetre in size, long sections of the DNA must be strongly compacted. Epigenetic marks maintain these sections, known as heterochromatin. Scientists of the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics in Freiburg have now discovered two further mechanisms necessary for the formation of heterochromatin. The research group, led by Thomas Jenuwein, describes two novel enzymes, Prdm3 and Prdm16, which attach a methyl group to a particular packaging protein of the DNA.

These epigenetic marks assure that heterochromatin, and with it the structure of the cell nucleus, remain intact. Moreover, in an additional study they have determined that transcription factors bind within heterochromatin and repress the output of non-coding RNA. In contrast to less densely compacted regions known as euchromatin, in which the transcription factors accumulate at specific sites, the binding sites of transcription factors in heterochromatin are much more randomly distributed.

Chromatin consists of the DNA molecule and numerous proteins, including histones, which act as packaging proteins. In contrast to the easily accessible euchromatin, which contains the majority of genes, the densely compacted heterochromatin is mostly made of up of repetitive sequences that are able to form non-coding RNA-molecules. Heterochromatic sections are found at centromeres and at chromosome ends, the telomeres. Chemical modifications of histones can alter the degree to which chromatin is compacted. For example, methyltransferases add methyl groups to proteins at various positions. These epigenetic alterations regulate the formation and maintenance of heterochromatin.

Ines Pinheiro, a doctoral student in Thomas Jenuwein's department, has now discovered that Prdm3 and Prdm16 function as methyltransferases and attach a methyl group to histone H3 at the lysine 9 (H3K9) position. Until now, both proteins were thought to be just transcription factors, regulating the activity of various genes. Experiments in which the Freiburg-based researchers switch off both enzymes demonstrate how important Prdm3 and Prdm16 are. Heterochromatin breaks down and the heterochromatin regions can be read. "Our experiments show that Prdm3 and Prdm16 attach a methyl group at H3K9. This single-methylated H3 (H3K9me1) is then transported into the cell nucleus and inserted into heterochromatin. Only then heterochromatin remains intact," explains Thomas Jenuwein, Director at the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics. Other methyltransferases, such as Suv39h, can add another two methyl groups (H3K9me3) to the single-methylated histone and thus further increase heterochromatin stability.

Moreover, the researchers in Freiburg observed that the lamina of the cell nucleus is impaired without Prdm3 and Prdm16. Heterochromatin must be associated with this layer of lamina proteins at the inner nuclear membrane. "The cell apparently requires methylation at H3K9 and a yet-unknown chromatin or lamina protein by Prdm3 and Prdm16 for heterochromatin to be stable. As with other methyltransferases, we assume that both enzymes can methylate other molecules besides histones. However, we do not know whether the destruction of the lamina is triggered by the loss of heterochromatin or by the absence of methylation at a lamina protein," says Jenuwein.

However, it is not just methylation of histones that is necessary to maintain heterochromatic regions. In a further study, doctoral students Aydan Karslioglu and Valentina Perrera examined the role of transcription factors, i.e. proteins that bind to DNA and control gene activity -- in the case of heterochromatin, the repression of non-coding RNA molecules. This study showed that two transcription factors are essential for intact heterochromatin: Pax3 and Pax9. Only when both factors and their binding sites are present in the repetitive DNA heterochromatin remains intact. The researchers assume, however, that additional transcription factors can also bind to repetitive sequences in heterochromatin.

Transcription factors thus control gene activity in euchromatin, as well as in heterochromatin. Despite this, there are differences between the two. In heterochromatin, the binding locations are distributed comparatively at random over the DNA strand, whereas euchromatin is concentrated at the locations important for gene regulation. "In our data, the distribution within heterochromatin looks like the Aigulles Droites in the Mont Blanc massif: a lot of small peaks without deep valleys in between. Euchromatin looks more like the Matterhorn: one high peak without secondary peaks," as Thomas Jenuwein describes the results.

For the researchers, an important difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin lies in the control of gene activity and the formation of RNA. "In heterochromatin, the binding sites for transcription factors are distributed more randomly, so that they cannot reinforce or intensify one another's effect. The DNA therefore cannot be read in such a precise and coordinated manner at these locations. Inhibiting influences that largely turn off heterochromatin dominate in the end," says Jenuwein. With euchromatin, in contrast, the transcription factors bind to DNA in such a way that they enhance each other's function. This permits precise control over the gene activity.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal References:

  1. Aydan Bulut-Karslioglu, Valentina Perrera, Manuela Scaranaro, Inti Alberto de la Rosa-Velazquez, Suzanne van de Nobelen, Nicholas Shukeir, Johannes Popow, Borbala Gerle, Susanne Opravil, Michaela Pagani, Simone Meidhof, Thomas Brabletz, Thomas Manke, Monika Lachner, Thomas Jenuwein. A transcription factor?based mechanism for mouse heterochromatin formation. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2382
  2. In?s Pinheiro, Rapha?l Margueron, Nicholas Shukeir, Michael Eisold, Christoph Fritzsch, Florian?M. Richter, Gerhard Mittler, Christel Genoud, Susumu Goyama, Mineo Kurokawa, Jinsook Son, Danny Reinberg, Monika Lachner, Thomas Jenuwein. Prdm3 and Prdm16 are H3K9me1 Methyltransferases Required for Mammalian Heterochromatin Integrity. Cell, 2012; 150 (5): 948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.048

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/ZFlRhw2YDkM/120925143245.htm

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No Pets Left Behind | I'm Not An Octopus

? What a Baby Really Needs Posted on by admin

My husband made a comment this weekend that was extremely funny and extremely true. We saw this couple walking their dog. The dog was beautifully groomed and the lady was sporting a cute baby bump.

My husband said, ?I guess this will be their first child and he nodded towards their dog and her belly.?

Unfortunately, it seems the pets are the first to suffer when kids come along. It?s not that you don?t love them, or that they don?t still sleep in your bed. But, they get less pampering as you ogle over your own brood. The special haircuts and doggy spa treatments. The dog clothing line and expensive treats. The birthday celebrations and Christmas gifts. All goes out the doggy door.

And then, they get terrorized by your now mobile bundle of joy. Tails and ears pulled. Wrestled and knocked off the sofa, though well-fed under the kitchen table. Park days dedicated to your dogs exercise turn into lugging him/her around the playground, while they get attacked by a swarm of excited children, and hoping they don?t get kicked too hard when they lay down absent-mindedly under the swing set.

Our poor, sweet furry companions.

That is why, here at I?m Not An Octopus, we enforce a ?No Pets Left Behind Policy.? We believe that even though our families grow, we cannot forget about our oldest companions. We don?t blame the parents though ? it?s just one of those things. That?s why we are here to help.

Allow us to come in and spoil your pet for you.

Don?t have time to walk the dog before and after work?

No problem.

We can take your dog out while you are working. We will take them to local parks and greenways. Help them get exercise and fresh air. Play with their favorite ball or chew toy. Take them home and feed them their favorite meal. And leave them snug in their doggy bed for an afternoon nap.

Don?t have time to take them to the vet or salon and spa?

No problem.

We can arrange their appointments with your preferred care places. Or suggestion ones like The Dog Salon?or Banfield at Petsmart. Make sure they arrive safely, receive all the treatments they need, and relay all appointment and pertinent information to you.

Want to go on a trip but can?t bear to leave your animals behind?

No problem.

We will make sure they are walked, fed, watered, entertained and loved while you enjoy time out with your family. Even animals with special needs and circumstances are not a problem for our assistants.

Don?t feel guilty about those sad puppy dog and kitty eyes any longer. You are doing your best. Let us help you make it easier on you and your furry friends. Give us a call today to set your pets up on the ?No Pet Left Behind? plan.

This entry was posted in personal assistants for personal responsibilities, Pet Care and tagged dog walker, pet care, pet personal assistant. Bookmark the permalink. ? What a Baby Really Needs

Source: http://www.imnotanoctopus.com/2012/09/24/no-pets-left-behind/

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'The Vampire Woman' Is The 'Most Modified' Female In The World On 'Taboo' (VIDEO)

  • Outstanding Drama Series

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    <strong>WINNER: Tom Bergeron, "Dancing With the Stars"</strong> Cat Deeley, "So You Think You Can Dance" Phil Keoghan, "The Amazing Race" Ryan Seacrest, "American Idol" Betty White, "Betty White's Off Their Rockers"

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    <strong>WINNER: Jon Cryer, "Two and A Half Men"</strong> Alec Baldwin, "30 Rock" Don Cheadle, "House of Lies" Louis CK, "Louie" Larry David, "Curb Your Enthusiasm" Jim Parsons, "The Big Bang Theory"

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    <strong>WINNER: Jimmy Fallon, "Saturday Night Live"</strong> Will Arnett, "30 Rock" Bobby Cannavale, "Nurse Jackie" Michael J. Fox, "Curb Your Enthusiasm" Jon Hamm, "30 Rock" Greg Kinnear, "Modern Family"

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    <strong>WINNER: Kathy Bates, "Two and A Half Men"</strong> Elizabeth Banks, "30 Rock" Margaret Cho, "30 Rock" Dot-Marie Jones, "Glee" Melissa McCarthy, "Saturday Night Live" Maya Rudolph, "Saturday Night Live"

  • Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Comedy Series

    <strong>WINNER: Julie Bowen, "Modern Family"</strong> Mayim Bialik, "The Big Bang Theory" Kathryn Joosten, "Desperate Housewives" Sofia Vergara, "Modern Family" Merritt Wever, "Nurse Jackie" Kristen Wiig, "Saturday Night Live"

  • Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series

    <strong>Winner: Eric Stonestreet, "Modern Family"</strong> Ed O'Neill, "Modern Family" Jesse Tyler Ferguson, "Modern Family" Ty Burrell, "Modern Family" Max Greenfield, "New Girl" Bill Hader, "Saturday Night Live"

  • Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/24/vampire-woman-most-modified-taboo-video_n_1908605.html

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    3Taps Files Antitrust Action Against Craigslist - NYTimes.com

    Craigslist may be the world?s largest listings Web site, but after knocking down developers who try to build services on top of the Web site, it may also one of the least liked.

    On Monday, 3Taps, a company that collects public data and organizes it for developers to use, filed an antitrust claim against Craigslist, accusing the company of anticompetitive business practices.

    The lawsuit, which was filed in Federal District Court for Northern California in San Francisco, is a response to Craigslist?s lawsuit in July that accused 3Taps and Padmapper, a listings Web site, ?of infringing on Craigslist?s copyright and trademark.

    Last month, in a Disruptions column, I noted that Craigslist had killed access to dozens of small Web sites and services that had tried to build products on top of the company?s listings. The developers and companies were sent stern cease-and-desist letters by Craigslist?s law firm, Perkins Coie.

    Craigslist and its chief executive, Jim Buckmaster, did not respond to a request for comment.

    In 3Tap?s lawsuit, which also answered questions posed by Craigslist in its suit, 3Taps said that although accomplishments by Craigslist were commendable, its dominance over classified listing was stifling innovation and hurting consumers.

    ?As Craigslist spends heavily to bully and intimidate companies that challenge them, consumers are deprived of better ways to find and execute real-time exchange transactions,? said Greg Kidd, the founder and chief executive of 3Taps, in a news release issued with the filing. ?Craigslist uses its monopoly position to achieve huge annual profits without sinking any meaningful costs into research and development or innovation,? he said.

    3Taps is one of the few companies to stand up to Craigslist. Many developers have criticized Craigslist for bullying smaller developers that do not have the resources to defend themselves.

    ?The basis of our antitrust counterclaim and defense against Craigslist?s baseless lawsuit is simple: public facts are public property ? openly and equally available to all businesses and consumers.? Mr. Kidd said in the release. ?Sham copyright claims and unenforceable terms of use cannot stand when they deceive users, intimidate innovators, or thwart a competitive marketplace.?

    Source: http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/24/3taps-files-antitrust-claim-against-craigslist/

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