From Contract to Cooperation (in Family and in Business ...

Love and Economics, Jennifer Roback Morse

The subject of contracts is not particularly sexy, which is part of the reason I?d like to talk about contracts?and how we might reach beyond them.

In one sense, we have come to ignore, downplay, or disregard the value of contracts. Across the world, we continuously see grand planners like Jeffrey Sachs trying to impose markets and social stability with the flick of their wands, paying little attention to cultural factors like trust and property rights, and the institutions necessary for contracts to mean something. Similarly, here in America, our government seems increasingly bent on diluting or subverting our most fundamental agreements, whether between husband and wife or Foreclosed Billy and his bank.

Yet in other areas we are overly contract-minded, particularly when it enables us to slack off or lead predictable, controllable lives. Our default setting as humans is to pursue the minimum amount of work for the maximum reward?to put in our 40 hours, shrug our shoulders, and say, ?that?s that.? Take the recent union battles in Wisconsin, where protestors proudly insist that their gripes aren?t about the money, but rather, securing a specialized right to privilege and protection. If such an alarming display of entitlement and self-obsessed insulation-seeking isn?t a evidence of our new found comfort level with legalistic, minimum-effort thinking and living, I don?t know what is.

Contracts certainly play an important role in ordering our affairs?as indicated in my preliminary jab at Mr. Sachs?but we mustn?t forget that they can only take us so far. We may indeed need to establish some minimums in our commitment-making (and enforce them accordingly), but that needn?t mean that the minimum is all we should aim to achieve.

This is an issue that progressives, conservatives, and libertarians consistently get tied up with, with our discussions consistently centering on words like ?coercion,? ?obligation,? ?voluntaryism,? and all the rest. Yet in trying to understand the dynamics of these features, we must recognize the limits of such categories, lest our aforementioned human tendencies to carve out rationalistic legalistic frameworks impede or limit our thinking about responsibility and commitment to only involve rationalistic legalistic frameworks.

Here?s where that tricky little thing called ?love? becomes incredibly helpful, for it so comprehensively breaks such propensities, and, in doing so, shatters the type of line-item, pseudo-rationalistic entitlement and selfishness that ultimately holds individuals back and consequently drags entire families and societies down into the muck.

If there?s one person who understands this, its economist Jennifer Roback Morse, whose book, Love & Economics, argues that love, particularly as encountered in marriage and parenting, helps to show our convenient political-theory buckets for what they are?teaching us crucial lessons about how we are to view people and progress. ?Familial relationships are not coercive in the usual sense, nor are they voluntary in the usual sense,? argues Morse.

Marriage may be ?contractual? in certain ways, but Morse prefers to see it as a ?partnership??one filled with what she calls ?radical uncertainty.? ?Will we both remain healthy?? she asks. ?Will we both continue to be employed at our current level of income and status? Will our needs change in ways we cannot fully predict??

As Morse notes, a partnership reaches beyond nit-picky me-vs.-them comparisons (see also: ?love keeps no record of wrongs?), focusing more heavily on the we aspect and thus transforming our efforts to be in service of someone and something higher than ourselves:

Partnerships feature ongoing, joint decision making during the life of the relationship. In purely contractual relationships by contrast, the parties negotiate most, if not all, of the significant decisions prior to entering into the contract. In a partnership, the partners share responsibilities, decision-making, and risks?

??In a partnership, both partners have enough at stake in the relationship that they have an incentive to do all the unstated but necessary things that can be known on the spot and in the moment. The contract is neither the end of the relationship nor the method for how the parties relate to one another.

Orienting our perspectives around we-centered uncertainty requires us to reject the type of liberal, me-centered individualism and risk-averse insulationism that progressivism seeks as an ideal, while also reaching beyond the vast analyses of ?rational self-interest? we conservatives and libertarians have become so crafty in constructing.

Yes, fostering sacrificial relationships may be in our long-term self-interest and may, in the end, yield some kind of holistic ?net worth,? but what about when we are living in the heat of it? What about how we engage in our day-to-day decisions and sacrifices? Is love really love if it has to constantly be held up and critiqued against some contrived cost-benefit spreadsheet?

For Morse, the answer is ?no,? and marriage, properly understood, helps illustrate this truth:

At the most superficial level, a marriage is the sharing of a household by two adults and usually involves exclusive sexual rights. But at a deeper level marriage involves something much more. A successful marriage requires the complete gift of the self to the other person. It is not reasonable to give of the self at the same level unless there is a complete commitment. These are the elements of marriage: commitment and self-giving to another person. (emphasis added)

Further, and as I?ve already indicated in my initial paragraphs, marriage and family are not the only areas where such an outlook is necessary. As Morse explains, we should be reaching beyond basic agreements in all of our endeavors, including business:

The employer-employee relationship is more productive when people can move beyond a purely contractual arrangement. The combination of collective bargaining, large bureaucratic workplaces, and federal legislation has created the need for ever more detailed job descriptions. These detailed specifications of labor contracts in many cases disrupt the vitality of the workplace. ?It is not in my job description? is an excuse to do the minimum necessary. In this context, the attitude engendered by a contractual mentality is one of minimal compliance rather than maximal cooperation. The attempt to specify every detail of a person?s responsibilities destroys the spontaneity and the sense of partnership and teamwork.

In all of our relationships and engagements, whether in serving our spouses, children, friends, bosses, employees, customers, church leaders, congregants, etc., we need to stop simply ?putting in our 40? and start striving for much more than the minimum.

Reach beyond the contract. Or, as Morse writes, ?Live with abandon, not obligation.?

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The goldilocks effect: Babies choose ?Just right? experiences

ScienceDaily (May 23, 2012) ? Long before babies understand the story of Goldilocks, they have more than mastered the fairy tale heroine's method of decision-making. Infants ignore information that is too simple or too complex, focusing instead on situations that are "just right," according to a new study to be published in the journal PLoS ONE on May 23.

Dubbed the "Goldilocks effect" by the University of Rochester team that discovered it, the attention pattern sheds light on how babies learn to make sense of a world full of complex sights, sounds, and movements. The findings could have broad implications for human learning at all ages and could lead to tools for earlier diagnosis of attention-related disabilities such as ADHD or autism, says Celeste Kidd, lead author on the paper and a doctoral candidate in brain and cognitive sciences at the University.

With the aid of eye-tracking devices and statistical modeling, the research is the first to provide both a theory and quantifiable measures of what keeps a baby's attention, says coauthor Richard Aslin, the William R. Kenan Professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the University.

For years, researchers have explored what types of events most effectively capture babies' attention. In some situations, infants reliably prefer familiar items, such as a favorite toy; in others, they favor novel objects. The new study resolves such seeming contradictions. Instead of novelty or familiarity per se, the research shows that babies seek out situations with just the right amount of surprise or complexity.

To measure complexity, the Rochester team developed a test based on the probability of surprising events in a video. Unlike hard-to-quantify concepts such as novelty or unlimited dimensions such as size, probability exists in a well-defined range from 0 (never happens) to 1 (always happens). Probability provides a continuous measure and is often employed by computer scientists and engineers to describe complexity, says Aslin.

In the study, researchers measured the attention patterns of 72 seven- and eight-month-old infants in two separate experiments. The babies watched video animations of fun items, such as a pacifier or ball, being revealed from behind a set of colorful boxes. The researchers varied where and when the objects would appear across dozens of short trials.

measure attention, an eye-tracking device located below the computer screen followed the infants' gaze. As long as they looked at the screen, the events continued; as soon as they looked away, the trial ended. Babies quickly learned that they were in control. If they wanted to continue watching they just needed to keep their eyes on the screen. To reduce distractions, infants sat in a darkened space on the lap of their parent, who wore headphones playing music and a visor to prevent them from biasing their infant's performance.

Using a specialized statistical model, the researchers were able to calculate and predict how likely infants were to lose interest based on the complexity of each event depicted in the video. Complexity was defined as how surprising each event was in light of the previous events an infant had observed in the video.

Across both experiments, babies reliably lost interest when the video became too predictable -- when the probability of a subsequent event was very high. "But here's the counterintuitive part," says Aslin. "You would think that the more complex something is, the more interesting it would be. That's not the case with babies." They drifted away from the screen when the sequence of events also became too surprising -- when the pattern seemed random and unpredictable because the probability of something happening was very low.

"The study suggests that babies are not only attracted by what is happening, but they are able to predict what happens next based on what they have already observed," says Kidd. "They are not passive sponges. They are active information seekers looking for the best information they can find."

Although the experiments were limited to infants, the results provide a window into the way the brain works in general. "If you are interested in human nature, then babies are the place to look," because their reactions are less complicated by cultural filters and learned responses, says Steven Piantadosi, a coauthor and post-doctoral fellow in brain and cognitive sciences.

For example, the "Goldilocks" attention pattern supports other theories of adult learning, the authors note. Cognitive scientists have proposed that learners direct their attention to material that contains just the right amount of challenge, because this optimal complexity triggers the right amount of stimulation in learners.

In real life, babies are also attracted to faces, voices, foods, and other aspects of their world that are key to survival. These "special" stimuli may trigger attention in a different way, the authors acknowledge. But complexity does help to explain how infants gather information about the rest of their environment, they write.

Does this mean that parents should worry about providing material that is "just right" for their little ones? Not really, says Aslin. "Infants are learning all the time, as long as they have reasonably stimulating environments. They focus in on what they can handle and filter out the rest," he says.

Kidd agrees: "Parents don't need to buy fancy toys to help their children learn. They make the best use of their environment. They are going to look around for what fits their attention level." And even though the experiment employed an animated video, the scientists emphasize that human interactions are the most critical for development. "Kids learn best from social interaction," reminds Kidd.

The study's insights into attention patterns may help to explain why children ask to hear the same story over and over. For an adult, the repetition can be mind numbing, says Kidd, "but for a child, they are likely getting something new out of the story every time. Because adults know so much, we often take for granted how many new things an infant needs to learn."

The research was funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health and the J. S. McDonnell Foundation.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Rochester, via Newswise.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Celeste Kidd, Steven T. Piantadosi, Richard N. Aslin. The Goldilocks Effect: Human Infants Allocate Attention to Visual Sequences That Are Neither Too Simple Nor Too Complex. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7 (5): e36399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036399

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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New CEO takes the helm at biotech giant Amgen

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Sacrifice Our Small Aspects for Environmental Protection

Hollywood actor Begley is willing to sacrifice his own for environmental protection. He lived in a two bedroom house; by Hollywood standards would be too shabby. However, the roof is equipped with solar panels for electric vehicle charging, but also for his collection of rain water heating. His manufacture of fertilizers was so fascinated; and he knows, which can be recycled in the seven kinds of plastic; and he can use solar cooker to cook their own planted crops, and chatter to reprove his wife waste.

?

This attitude to life is not wrong, as long as you meet this state like him, nor will make your family crazy. If you do not want to make so efforts, you would rather use other means to relaxed environmental protection. Then there are many good ways, which can even simply your life, save time and money.

Here are some easy and environmentally friendly methods.

?

First, reduce your travel time. Sitting in the leisure chair at home rather than on the plane is the simplest way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. If there is less travel abroad, it is enough to offset your home or your car?s emissions of carbon dioxide throughout the year. Aircraft in addition to emit carbon dioxide, it also emits water vapor and other greenhouse gases such as nitrogen dioxide; it is said that the harmful effects of such gases at least is the same as comparable and carbon dioxide emissions, also some people think that is a doubled carbon dioxide.

?

According to the nonprofit organization ?Environmental Defense Fund? calculations, each a passenger flying back and forth between the two cities apart from 6500 km once, it will produce about 8 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent gases, equivalent to a person driving a motor vehicle, as well as the amount of carbon dioxide of family use of heating and electricity for one year.

?

Second, you can find people to seal your house?s doors and windows. If you live in the cold region in winter, you can do it yourself or allow someone else to do. If it is the latter, it seems you can still save money in the long run. As long as seal the gap closure real windows, doors and insulated pipes, a year can save $ 100 at the same time each year at least reduce 450 kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions. If you install thermal insulation, you can also save double money.

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'Severe' sexual violence alleged at Ala. women's prison

Alabama Dept. of Corrections

Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women in Alabama is facing complaints of sexual misconduct by guards.

By Elizabeth Chuck, msnbc.com

Sexual misconduct by male correctional staff toward inmates at Alabama's Tutwiler Prison for Women is "commonplace" and has resulted in numerous women becoming pregnant while incarcerated, a complaint filed with the U.S. Department of Justice alleges.

Equal Justice Initiative, a private nonprofit organization, filed the complaint about the all-female prison in Wetumpka, Ala., Tuesday after receiving dozens of claims of sexual misconduct involving male staff between 2004 and 2011.

In interviews with more than 50 women incarcerated at the prison, EJI said it discovered "frequent and severe officer-on-inmate sexual violence," ranging from women being coerced into performing sexual favors in exchange for contraband goods?to rape by a male correctional staff member while another male officer served as a lookout.

Even in instances in which abuse was confirmed, perpetrators?received little more than a slap on the wrist, EJI Executive Director Bryan Stevenson told msnbc.com.

"In the last two years, the person who received the harshest sentence was a man who got?six months in jail," Stevenson said. "This was for a woman who was raped and became pregnant. The baby was born, and DNA confirmed it was his."

Had the rape occurred outside prison confines, the sentence could have been 50 years to life in prison, he said.

"It actually makes you think you can do this with impunity," he said.

Instead of punishing the staff committing the offenses, Tutwiler punished the women when they tried to report the incidents, Stevenson said. Anyone who reported sexual abuse at Tutwiler was called a liar by the warden and routinely placed in segregated cells with privileges revoked.

Tutwiler Prison Warden Frank Albright did not return a phone call from msnbc.com on Wednesday, but the Alabama Department of Corrections said it has a zero-tolerance policy for sexual offenses.

?This is a matter of grave concern to me,? Alabama Corrections Commissioner Kim Thomas said in a press release. ?From the beginning of my watch, I have made it very clear to my staff that custodial sexual misconduct will not be tolerated and is an especially egregious offense to me. We take every action possible to prevent it from happening and if it does, we undertake prompt corrective employee discipline and pursue criminal prosecution where applicable.?

But according to EJI's investigation, the Alabama Department of Corrections has been under-reporting?data on sexual misconduct. None has been provided since September 2010, despite at least four Tutwiler employees being indicted on charges of abuse during 2011, according to court records.

Report: Nearly 10 percent of inmates suffer sexual abuse

The Department of Justice did not respond to msnbc.com's questions about?how they are handling the complaint.

It's not clear from the EJI's investigation how many claims of sexual harrassment the group has received from the prison, which has a capacity of 956 inmates.

Just last week, the Justice Department published a report on sexual abuse in state prisons, local jails, and post-release treatment facilities across the country. Nearly one in 10 prisoners suffers sexual abuse while incarcerated, the report said.

In 2007, a Justice Department report ranked Tutwiler as the women's prison with the most sexual assaults, and 11th among all the prisons studied.

Even after the?2007 federal report,?Tutwiler policies on sexual miscconduct continued to be lax, Stevenson alleged.

"Male guards shouldn't be going into the showers and exploiting the vulnerability of women when they're naked and exposed," Stevenson said. "Many states have regulations that restrict these kind of breaches. They haven't done that at Tutwiler."?

In fact, Stephenson thinks sexual assault is even more widespread at the prison than his group has found.

"We think there are a lot more people who have information that they want to share that didn't feel comfortable doing that," he said. "I'm hoping the public exposure and scrutiny will make people feel comfortable to step forward."

Since filing the complaint, EJI has heard from many women who alleged abuse.

"We've gotten some calls this morning from women who seemed so grateful and relieved that finally, some light has been shed on this."

More content from msnbc.com and NBC News:

Follow US News on msnbc.com on Twitter and Facebook

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HP Universe set in Soviet Russia (all original characters)

The idea is this, during Stalin's reign there was a wizarding school built before, and fearing the power, Stalin took control of it, and used it to reinforce his ideology aggressively. This gave him loyal and willing kids imbued with magic. Sedition is swiftly eliminated by those loyal to Communism. A minority of youth oppose this quietly, but none know of each other and there is no great movement.

The roleplay would play out with equal number of supporters and rebels. Of course most NPCs are loyal to Stalin.

Now magic is controlled strictly and often used to punish and there are often tests of loyalty.

This is Soviet Russia and as far as those who hate ideology know, they're alone and must stay quiet.

We help the multi-nationals
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The locals scream and shout a bit,
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We?re here to lend a helping hand
in case they don?t elect us.
How dare they buy our products
yet still they don?t respect us.

Billy Bragg - The Marching Song Of The Covert Battalions

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Oakland Links ? Blog Archive ? Business Internet Service

Internet is mostly information, and business to take this technological leap, which seduces, need to involve the information in their daily activities. In this post some simple ways to find customers for the professional services you offer. How to promote my services on the Internet. ? Until recently access the Internet meant entering a chat, for others it meant Google entering. Then it became fashionable to Youtube and in these times to over 500 million Internet is connected in a social network. Many professionals and businessmen are now social networks, but are given with the surprise that before promoting your services need to get an audience What sense does it promote a business internet service having 500 contacts that were not even built by thematic interest? How many are oline?. Achieving a good audience profile on social networks can take considerable time and effort, and it is possible that nothing happens until you achieve social unleash their talent. But there are simpler alternatives. Write articles. ? It takes time to write and upload it to the network, then works for you all the time. The more articles write better, is also very good upload to multiple sites. Do not forget to put in each of your articles a link to the site you want to promote. A blog itself if you are new or have little time is not a good option is best to write in places where it already has more traffic, where the position is closer to the people they consult. Write an article is not complicated if your service is of quality and these focused and professional writing is a way to communicate the benefits of your services, you may need to learn a bit of information moves online, but is also the power of recommendation does not need much of SEO practices, but have the quality and freshness that encourages recommendation. Make videos. ? Like the articles, do it once, once you invest your time and talent and then the video works for you every day all year. A video does not have to be with you at the front, you can hire someone, you can also make videos with pictures. Another way is by translations of videos that are in other languages. Home videos of daily life also tend to be very consumed. The gain of the author: credibility. ? In terms of credibility and presence in the network, the gain of an author is really huge. If you sell something, and is recognized as an authority on the subject, will save the work to convince prospects of their seriousness and experience. And this is true. And it is in economic terms, as the exposure in the medium causes the author to quote and earn even more money. Who is going to entrust the contents of its website to a nobody if you can turn them over to an established author?. The increase in visits. ? Placing a link to the site in question at the bottom of the article not only generates links to be detected by the algorithms of Yahoo and Google: also generates real inbound links from the article to the author's website . This generates visits and visits, worked well, generating money. There would be many benefits for comment, many tricks to writing, and many advantages to detail sovereign marketing with articles, but this text emphasizes the fundamentals of the subject's importance for any new writer who can doubt the importance of this simple device . To make money from home online is to master the tools that allow us to be in front of people that do searches on the Internet and social networking is very important to develop a social personality that generates a large audience, trust and positive emotions. Any skill you have and love serves to elaborate a little more and consider the problems you solve. From entertaining to someone looking for something funny in the network to help with your knowledge. In what group of people I can solve problems? Your skills and knowledge are important but even more important is what the customer thinks and looks. So it is important be to ask your business from the customer knowledge, not from your own wisdom. For many internet means free, fast and easy. This is a huge market that can get excited about all the problems that apparently can be solved. Certainly many of these people then become customers but requires hard work of education. It is therefore important to identify your market if they pay people, people who value what you do and are willing to invest, so it is necessary to have knowledge of what are the queries that they are doing. No matter what profession you have and how good you are, to make money from home online, plus you have to become expert in communication, your business will depend on how are you reaching the people, as influences your emotions and if their experiences are satisfactory from the first contact. It is normal for a professional who are new to the Internet does not know anything about creating presence, but the results forced him to seek solutions: As you can serve the content, videos, SEO, a fan page, give away an ebook by subscription etc. Often happens that I'm on the website of an expert, and the option of purchasing your product or service is hidden, perhaps behind the subscription form. When we know an expert and need your product or service and we do not need to sell, potential customers buy their own, but the option has to be very easy to get. An employee who wants to make money from home online for the first time may feel too short to sell, especially when surrounded by his acquaintances that assumes you buy. Internet provides customers from anywhere in the world and it is important to be specific to the value of our work and the call to action. Before making large expenditures is important to know the performance of most tools on the Internet. For example with Blogger may save the overhead of hosting, promotional videos for their Youtube is also free, social media for social marketing campaign for free, etc.. Internet is a huge repository of information and can help a lot to learn to get the information you need to start your business. For example, searching, you will find professionals who are also trying to generate extra income online and you can attend at very low prices. Search engines of the various Internet portals can help a lot since his first business idea, ways to save money, to form a team and achieve your potential customers. Open Business

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Specific Medical Treatments Involved in Living Will

The following article presents the very latest information on Living Will. If you have a particular interest in Living Will, then this informative article is required reading.

Living will is a legal document wherein you are giving instructions about medical procedures and treatments you want to receive should you get involved in a life threatening situation. In general, the document could be taken as your wish or request to medical practitioners and healthcare providers in case you get into a condition when you would not be able to speak for yourself or decide whether you like a certain medical procedure to be performed to you.

Of course, as you write your living will, you could not in any way point out and identify what specific medical situations you might get into. You could be involved in a fatal accident or be subject to a homicide attempt. An underlying medical condition might arise or you might suffer from a contagious disease that would leave you incapable or medically unconscious. In any way, you should take a look at specific medical treatments and procedures. It would help if you would discuss with your medical doctor all possible issues and angles regarding your living will.

Here are specific medical procedures or treatments that you could include in your living will. You may wish to specifically receive or not receive these processes. Of course, there are many factors that could cloud your judgment today like the pain involved and the possibility of success. In any way, many people also consider the possible hefty medical costs. Some do not want to undergo specific medical procedures because they do not want their families to incur expensive bills or they do not want their assets to thin out.

Is everything making sense so far? If not, I?m sure that with just a little more reading, all the facts will fall into place.

Mechanical ventilation. If you find it hardest to breathe, there may be a need to undergo a mechanical ventilation or use a breathing machine. The equipment would breathe for you so your life could be prolonged and you could be assisted until you fully recover. Many people do not like the ideas especially because in many cases, people who are forced to breathe through such machines usually do not survive, but only prolong life for some days, weeks, or months. The procedure could be very costly, needless to say.

Resuscitation. This is the process wherein the heart is restarted in case it has stopped pumping up and beating. This is usually administered to people who undergo cardiac death. When writing your living will, determine first the need and the duration for any resuscitation through a cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR procedure. There could also be a need for an electric device that would deliver electrical shock to help stimulate heart and make it beat again.

Dialysis. Many people do not like the idea of having to undergo dialysis. This is because once it has started, the person would need to regularly undergo it for life. This procedure is removing wastes from your blood. It is a substitute to the overall function and usefulness of the kidney.

Hydration and nutritional assistance. This basically supplies the human body with necessary fluids and nutrients in an intravenous mode through a tube that would be connected to stomach. The living will could or could not include this procedure, depending on the person?s preferences and decision, based on duration and costs.

About the Author
By Anders Eriksson, now offering the host then profit baby plan for only $1 over at Host Then Profit

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news: Make money with Penny Stock Trading - Business ...

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