Antidepressants in drinking water may contribute to autism

Low levels of antidepressants and other psychoactive drugs in water supplies can trigger the expression of genes associated with autism ? in fish at least.

The use of antidepressants has increased dramatically over the past 25 years, says Michael Thomas of Idaho State University in Pocatello. Around 80 per cent of each drug passes straight through the human body without being broken down, and so they are present in waste water. In most communities, water purification systems cannot filter out these pharmaceuticals. "They just fly right through," says Thomas, which means they ultimately find their way into the water supply.

The concentration of these drugs in drinking water is very low ? at most, they are present at levels 100 times lower than the prescription doses. But since the drugs are specifically designed to act on the nervous system, Thomas hypothesised that even a small dose could affect a developing fetus.

Thomas's group created a cocktail of the anti-epileptic drug carbamazepine and two selective serotonin uptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, fluoxetine and venlafaxine, at this low concentration. They exposed fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to the drugs for 18 days, then analysed the genes that were being expressed in the fishes' brains.

Although the researchers had expected the drugs might activate genes involved in all kinds of neurological disorders, only 324 genes associated with autism in humans appeared to be significantly altered. Most of these genes are involved in early brain development and wiring.

The finding fits with previous research which had found that pregnant women who take SSRIs are slightly more likely to have autistic children. (Archives of General Psychiatry, DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.73).

To test whether these changes actually altered the fish's behaviour, the researchers did an experiment in which they startled the fish. Fish exposed to the drugs tended to panic and behave differently from a control group of fish.

Thomas emphasises that the research is very preliminary ? there's no need for pregnant women to worry about their drinking water yet, he says. The researchers next plan to study whether the drugs have a similar effect in mammals. They are testing this by lacing the drinking water of pregnant mice with the low-concentration cocktail. They are also studying water supplies in areas around the country where there are particularly high concentrations of drugs to determine whether the fish ? and people ? in these areas have autism-like gene expression patterns.

Journal reference: PLoS One, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032917

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Today's climate more sensitive to carbon dioxide than in past 12 million years

ScienceDaily (June 6, 2012) ? Until now, studies of Earth's climate have documented a strong correlation between global climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide; that is, during warm periods, high concentrations of CO2 persist, while colder times correspond to relatively low levels.

However, in this week's issue of the journal Nature, paleoclimate researchers reveal that about 12-5 million years ago climate was decoupled from atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. New evidence of this comes from deep-sea sediment cores dated to the late Miocene period of Earth's history.

During that time, temperatures across a broad swath of the North Pacific were 9-14 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than today, while atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations remained low--near values prior to the Industrial Revolution.

The research shows that, in the last five million years, changes in ocean circulation allowed Earth's climate to become more closely coupled to changes in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere.

The findings also demonstrate that the climate of modern times more readily responds to changing carbon dioxide levels than it has during the past 12 million years.

"This work represents an important advance in understanding how Earth's past climate may be used to predict future climate trends," says Jamie Allan, program director in the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Ocean Sciences, which funded the research.

The research team, led by Jonathan LaRiviere and Christina Ravelo of the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC), generated the first continuous reconstructions of open-ocean Pacific temperatures during the late Miocene epoch.

It was a time of nearly ice-free conditions in the Northern Hemisphere and warmer-than-modern conditions across the continents.

The research relies on evidence of ancient climate preserved in microscopic plankton skeletons--called microfossils--that long-ago sank to the sea-floor and ultimately were buried beneath it in sediments.

Samples of those sediments were recently brought to the surface in cores drilled into the ocean bottom. The cores were retrieved by marine scientists working aboard the drillship JOIDES Resolution.

The microfossils, the scientists discovered, contain clues to a time when Earth's climate system functioned much differently than it does today.

"It's a surprising finding, given our understanding that climate and carbon dioxide are strongly coupled to each other," LaRiviere says.

"In the late Miocene, there must have been some other way for the world to be warm. One possibility is that large-scale patterns in ocean circulation, determined by the very different shape of the ocean basins at the time, allowed warm temperatures to persist despite low levels of carbon dioxide."

The Pacific Ocean in the late Miocene was very warm, and the thermocline, the boundary that separates warmer surface waters from cooler underlying waters, was much deeper than in the present.

The scientists suggest that this deep thermocline resulted in a distribution of atmospheric water vapor and clouds that could have maintained the warm global climate.

"The results explain the seeming paradox of the warm--but low greenhouse gas--world of the Miocene," says Candace Major, program director in NSF's Division of Ocean Sciences.

Several major differences in the world's waterways could have contributed to the deep thermocline and the warm temperatures of the late Miocene.

For example, the Central American Seaway remained open, the Indonesian Seaway was much wider than it is now, and the Bering Strait was closed.

These differences in the boundaries of the world's largest ocean, the Pacific, would have resulted in very different circulation patterns than those observed today.

By the onset of the Pliocene epoch, about five million years ago, the waterways and continents of the world had shifted into roughly the positions they occupy now.

That also coincides with a drop in average global temperatures, a shoaling of the thermocline, and the appearance of large ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere--in short, the climate humans have known throughout recorded history.

"This study highlights the importance of ocean circulation in determining climate conditions," says Ravelo. "It tells us that the Earth's climate system has evolved, and that climate sensitivity is possibly at an all-time high."

Other co-authors of the paper are Allison Crimmins of UCSC and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Petra Dekens of UCSC and San Francisco State University; Heather Ford of UCSC; Mitch Lyle of Texas A&M University; and Michael Wara of UCSC and Stanford University.

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Journal Reference:

  1. Jonathan P. LaRiviere, A. Christina Ravelo, Allison Crimmins, Petra S. Dekens, Heather L. Ford, Mitch Lyle, Michael W. Wara. Late Miocene decoupling of oceanic warmth and atmospheric carbon dioxide forcing. Nature, 2012; 486 (7401): 97 DOI: 10.1038/nature11200

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Now, Sachin Tendulkar becomes an MP http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/now-...

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Now, Sachin Tendulkar becomes an MP http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/now-sachin-becomes-an-mp_743227.html
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      ?@bhagwan solanki. . . . Sachin ko pta he retirement ke baad paisa kamane ka doosra koi dhandha nahi he.

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Finding Minnesota: Mountain Biking In Cuyuna ? CBS Minnesota

CROSBY, Minn. (WCCO) ? To have a good mountain bike trail, you need some mountains, right? Well, Minnesota isn?t naturally blessed with a lot of peaks and valleys, but bikers in the Cuyuna Lakes region are now enjoying rugged slopes that weren?t even there a hundred years ago.

They?re in an area that used to be one of the more unsightly spots in Minnesota.

The Cuyuna Iron Range was a wasteland ripped open and scarred by 70 years of mining operations.

But bikers are now discovering how much change can happen in a few decades.

?When you?re on top of the piles, you can see for miles,? said avid cyclist Dan Cruser. ?You can look below you, and you see how nature has reclaimed all of the land from the mining industry.?

Since iron miners left the Cuyuna Range in the late 1970s, the deep holes have become turquoise lakes.

Tall piles of ore have become wooded hills.

?And it?s like, this is in Minnesota?? said Aaron Hautala, president of the Cuyuna Lakes Mountain Bike Crew. ?I feel like I?m in the mountains. And that?s the awesome experience of Cuyuna.?

It?s the first trail network in the Minnesota State Park system, created just for mountain biking.

It opened just last summer.

?Every inch of it was made for a reason and was provided to have a flow and a momentum so that the rider is like on a roller coaster the whole time,? said Hautala.

?The word is out that this is a pretty nice trail,? said Steve Weber, the park manager.

The trail is divided into sections to accommodate everyone from experienced riders to beginners.

?And the point of it is that you provide something for everyone,? said Hautala, ?so they can build the skills in order to eventually progress in the sport.?

There are now 25 miles of scenic trails in the Cuyuna Country State Recreation Area.

?We?ve seen deer, porcupine, turkeys, eagles,? said Bonnie Finnerty, who bikes regularly with her 12-year-old son, Nate.

It used to be the pits. Now it?s a destination.

?We?ve kind of said it?s like the Walt Disney World of mountain biking,? said Hautala.

On Saturday, June 9, the Cuyuna Lakes area is hosting a day-long mountain biking festival.

They?ll have a parade, some competitions and clinics for beginners.

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BuildingCTGreen | Blog

Posted on

Hartford, Conn. ? The Connecticut Science Center has opened its green rooftop garden for the 2012 season, attracting visitors while reducing the facility?s energy consumption.

Native grasses and flowers insulate the building, making it more energy efficient and reducing the irrigation needed by 50 percent. Visitors will be among native plants, green rooftop architecture, and views of the Hartford area.

Hartford-based Northeast Utilities, with a green rooftop of its own in Berlin, presented a $25,000 gift in support of the science center?s green space. This contribution will be used in the upcoming additions.

Planned enhancements include a new water feature, an educational map, additional signage, and outdoor seating. Thomas McKenna, staff scientist, has planted more than 350 new plants.

The 6,316-square-foot plot includes a shade garden, an alpine garden, and a children?s sensory garden.

The Petit Family Foundation contributed by planting offspring flowers, originally from the family?s home garden. The seeds that fall from the flowers will be re-packaged and sold to raise funds for the foundation.

The garden is open during regular operating hours, weather permitting, and is included in the purchase of a ticket. For information visit www.ctsciencecenter.org.

-->

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