IOC probes black market Olympic ticket scandal

FILE This Monday April 16, 2012 file photo provided by LOCOG shows an aerial view of the Olympic Park showing the London 2012 Olympic Stadium, foreground and the Aquatics Center, white building at left. London will be the social media Olympics. For all the history and tradition associated with London, a very modern-day phenomemon will play a prominent role at the upcoming Summer Games. Tweet this: These will be the first Olympics told in 140 characters or less. The London Games will be the most tweeted, micro-blogged, liked and tagged in history, with fans offered a never before seen insider's view of what many are calling the social media Olympics, or the "socialympics." (AP Photo/Anthony Charlton/LOCOG)

FILE This Monday April 16, 2012 file photo provided by LOCOG shows an aerial view of the Olympic Park showing the London 2012 Olympic Stadium, foreground and the Aquatics Center, white building at left. London will be the social media Olympics. For all the history and tradition associated with London, a very modern-day phenomemon will play a prominent role at the upcoming Summer Games. Tweet this: These will be the first Olympics told in 140 characters or less. The London Games will be the most tweeted, micro-blogged, liked and tagged in history, with fans offered a never before seen insider's view of what many are calling the social media Olympics, or the "socialympics." (AP Photo/Anthony Charlton/LOCOG)

In this photo released Tuesday June 12, 2012 by the Olympic Organising Committee LOCOG, showing a model of the rural English scene which will be the centre piece for the London 2012 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony. With 45 days until the Opening Ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games artistic director of the ceremony Danny Boyle has unveiled the model and paid tribute to the 10,000 volunteers, cast and crew rehearsing night and day to make the Opening Ceremony a success.(AP Photo / Dave Poultney, Locog)

(AP) ? International Olympic officials have opened a high level investigation into allegations that authorized representatives in more than 50 countries ? including a national Olympic committee ? were involved in selling London Olympics tickets on the black market for profit.

The International Olympic Committee convened an emergency session Saturday to discuss a dossier of evidence presented to it by Britain's Sunday Times. The newspaper published an investigation Sunday claiming that officials have been offering tickets for the July 27-Aug. 12 games, including hot events such as the men's 100m final, at vastly inflated prices.

One of the most damaging allegations was against Spyros Capralos, the Greek Olympic Committee president and top organizer for the 2004 Athens Olympics.

He was quoted as saying he had "pulled strings" with London organizing chairman Sebastian Coe to obtain an extra batch of premium tickets for official agents in Greece, on the pretext that demand in his country outstripped expectations.

The paper said Capralos admitted in talks with its undercover reporters that demand had actually been very low, and that many of the tickets were subsequently sold on to people outside Greece for profit.

The London organizing committee said Capralos' alleged boasts of discussions with Coe were untrue.

Coe had told the Greek Olympic Committee that tickets were allocated in accordance with IOC ticketing policy, the London committee said. "There was no further contact ? either formal or informal ? on this subject," it said in a statement.

Capralos was not immediately reachable for comment. A Greek Olympic Committee official, speaking on condition of anonymity because of the ongoing investigation, denied that anything untoward had taken place.

At issue are ticket allocations given by organizers to each of the 205 national Olympic committees to sell in their home countries. The committees appoint an organization within their countries to sell the tickets, a process meant to ensure equity.

IOC rules forbid national committees from selling tickets abroad, inflating ticket prices or selling tickets to unauthorized resellers.

But the Sunday Times said its undercover reporters, who posed as illegal ticket sellers acting for clients in the Middle East, caught officials red-handed. It said it has presented the IOC with a dossier of evidence on 27 officials controlling the tickets for 54 countries.

The paper even posted on its website videos of its reporters' negotiations with Capralos and some of the agents. They include official ticket agents in Serbia, Lithuania and China, who offered to sell the undercover reporters premium tickets for up to 6,000 pounds ($9,407) each.

One of those accused of falling for the ruse was former Olympic swimmer Yoav Bruck, who is authorized to sell tickets in Israel and Cyprus. He denied allegations that he offered the Sunday Times reporters the best seats to the 100m final.

"The report is swamped with untruths, lies and inventions that cries to the heavens," he told Israel's Channel 2 TV. "I am saying that we are clean ... we are not selling anything we are not allowed to."

The report also alleged that Greg Harney, an executive at travel company Cartan Tours and a former top official at the U.S. Olympic Committee, told the undercover reporters how to conceal an illegal ticket sale.

The IOC said in a statement on its website Saturday that it "takes these allegations very seriously and has immediately taken the first steps to investigate."

The report was the latest in a string of similar allegations. In May, a top Ukrainian Olympic official resigned following allegations that he offered to sell thousands of dollars' worth of tickets for the London Games on the black market.

Volodymyr Gerashchenko, secretary general of Ukraine's national Olympic committee, was accused in a BBC television report of telling an undercover reporter posing as an unauthorized dealer that he was willing to sell up to 100 tickets for cash.

Ticketing problems have plagued London's organizers for months, with many complaining about the official website's intractable computer problems and inability to cope with huge demand.

Many Brits have been frustrated that they couldn't attend an event that is costing the nation 9.3 billion pounds ($14.6 billion), and the problem has prompted some London officials to demand more transparency on how the tickets were allocated.

Organizers had promised a full accounting once the games are done, but members of the London Assembly, a public watchdog group, have been demanding an accounting of how many tickets have been sold so far and at what price.

Critics of London organizers believe a disproportionate number of tickets have been sold in higher price brackets, excluding those who can't afford to pay for the most popular events.

__

Demetris Nellas in Athens, Greece, Danica Kirka in London and Aron Heller in Jerusalem contributed to this report.

Associated Press

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Whoops! Mike Pierce?s win UFC on FX 3 was actually unanimous

Though all eyes are on the Nevada Athletic Commission for mangling Manny Pacquiao and Timothy Bradley's fight, Florida made a pretty big error of its own on Friday night. Mike Pierce beat Carlos Eduardo Rocha in a decision that was announced as a split.

Officials with the Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, which oversees the Florida Boxing Commission, confirmed to MMAjunkie.com that judge Ric Bays, whose score was read as 30-27 for Rocha, had scored the fight in error.

"After the fight, Ric Bays informed the Commission that he scored the wrong corner and asked for a correction," said Sandi Poreda, the director of communications for the FDBPR. "As the other fight was starting, the commission changed it on the official record."

Heading into the bout with Rocha, Pierce had three straight split decisions. His loss to Josh Koscheck was tight enough for one judge to see it for Pierce, so you could see why another split decision when he earned the unanimous would upset him.

With this error, plus attendance of just 6,635, you can bet the UFC won't be visiting Florida again soon. They may have sunshine, Mickey Mouse and LeBron James, but they aren't the best hosts for fights.

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Three dead, one critical in Alberta campus shooting

REUTERS/Dan Riedlhuber

Police investigate the scene of an armored-car robbery at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Friday.

By msnbc.com staff

Three people were killed and one is in critical condition after a shooting at the scene of an apparent armed robbery at the University of Alberta campus in Edmonton, Canada early Friday, according to reports.

?It was an apparent armed robbery of armored vehicle and or vehicles,? police spokesman Scott Pattison told the National Post of Canada.


?The university was quickly put into lockdown, it has its own protocols and it remains in lockdown now,? he said. ?It?s a crime scene so students are required to stay remain in their dorms.?

Dan Riedlhuber/Reuters

Police investigate the scene of an armored-car robbery at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Friday.

No students were involved in the shooting, he added.

Pattison told CTV the victims are all thought to be employees of an armored vehicle security company.?"The suspect and or suspects remain at large at this time," he told the station.

The shooting happened shortly after midnight in the Hub Mall area, which is a combination of student residences and shops, according to an Associated Press report.

More world news from msnbc.com and NBC News:

Follow us on Twitter: @msnbc_world

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Siemens Enterprise Communications Dramatically Increases Market ...

June 11, 2012 ? Siemens Enterprise Communications, a premier provider of enterprise communications solutions, today announced that it has captured additional market share globally, as reported by two leading industry analyst firms, while other leading vendors have seen their market share drop. The company?s customer-centric approach to delivering true unified communications (UC) that address critical business needs has resulted in significant growth and momentum for key product lines.

According to Dell?Oro Group?s 1Q12 Enterprise Telephony Quarterly report, Siemens Enterprise Communications? voice platforms, including OpenScape Voice, marked two consecutive quarters of consistent growth to capture new global enterprise voice market share, while leading competitors experienced ongoing revenue share loss.

Siemens Enterprise Communications now holds the second place position based on revenue for the first quarter of 2012,
moving up from third place in reports. In addition, share of total lines shipped also increased over the previous quarter.

MZA, Ltd. also reported strong growth for Siemens Enterprise Communications globally, in its FastView Analysis for the World Corded IP/IP PBX market in Q1 2012. The report showed Siemens Enterprise Communications with an overall increase in market share driven by a 23 percent increase in total lines shipped from the first quarter of 2011 to the first quarter of 2012, while both top global competitors saw declines in that period. MZA also reported that Siemens Enterprise Communications experienced a 52 percent increase in the number of IP lines shipped in the same time period.

This momentum is driven by key customer wins across all geographies with global accounts and large enterprises as well as a reinvigorated channel ecosystem and SMB customer base. As the communications needs of enterprises continues to evolve, Siemens Enterprise Communications remains focused on delivering innovative, flexible and affordable solutions that address business needs.

?Siemens Enterprise Communications has put intense focus on deploying great communications solutions that deliver on our promises to solve our customers? problems. This focus is driving real growth and momentum for the company,? said Chris Hummel, Chief Commercial Officer for Siemens Enterprise Communications. ?These latest analyst reports simply reinforce what we are seeing every day with our customers and partners ? our solutions and services beat those of our competitors because we truly unify communications in a way that works in the real world. We plan to leverage this momentum and energy in the coming quarters as we continue to see demand from current customers and new prospects for unified communications solutions.?

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Violence feared as polarized Egypt returns to polls

Daniel Berehulak / Getty Images

Egyptians protest in Tahrir Square on Friday in Cairo, Egypt, after the country's supreme court ruled that the Islamist-led parliament must be immediately dissolved, and also allowed the right of Hosni Mubarak's last prime minister, Ahmed Shafiq, to run for president.

By Charlene Gubash, NBC News

CAIRO -- Egypt's voters, already on edge after more than a year of rebellion and revolution, have been further polarized by Thursday's supreme court decision to dissolve the?new Islamist-dominated parliament and allow a former prime minister to run for president.

Many see the decision - taken by judges appointed by deposed president Hosni Mubarak?- to let old regime holdover?Ahmed Shafiq run in this weekend's run-offs as a soft coup by the ruling military government. ?

Others think it as a second chance to wrest control of the parliament from the Islamists.?Those who were frightened by Islamists' tremendous political gains since the revolution rejoiced after the court's decision.


"My friends were calling me and congratulating me," said the septuagenarian head of a prominent women's organization who asked to remain anonymous because she does not want to be seen as getting involved in politics.?"At last we are done with that parliament.? Any Egyptian on the street is worth more than?them."

She didn?t vote in the first election but vows to brave long lines despite a bad knee to cast a ballot for Shafiq tomorrow.?

Others who fear the return of the old regime lamented the court decision.?

Dismay in Egypt as court orders newly-elected parliament to be dissolved

"How can we elect somebody who watched the massacre of protesters and stood by and did nothing?" demanded Aly Ibrahim, a plumber. "The people voted in the parliament. How does the court have the right to overturn the people's decision.? It's not constitutional."

Ibrahim is boycotting the vote because he sees the Muslim Brotherhood candidate, Mohamed Mursi, as an academic not a political leader.? But he said many in his blue-collar neighborhood of Al Arab who were also going to skip the election have now decided to vote for Mursi because of yesterday's court decision.?

With anger growing in Egypt over the ?Mubarak verdict, protestors returned to Tahrir Square to demand justice for those who died in Egypt's revolution. NBC's Ayman Mohyeldin reports.

His comrades are not necessarily going to vote for Mursi because they support him. Instead, their ballot will be an act of revenge against what they see as the ruling military government and their bid to return of the old regime to power through Shafiq. ?

Ibrahim predicts violence during the voting, which takes place on Saturday and Sunday.

"There will be shooting at the polling stations [...] and if Mursi looses, Tahrir Square will be on fire," he said.

Egyptians protest against old regime day before presidential election

In an impassioned?televised speech Thursday night, Mursi promised a second revolution if there is election fraud.

"I will pay with the price of my life," he promised.?

Threats?
Many saw Mursi's words as a warning to foment unrest if he loses. ?

"Nothing but threats!" said Hanan Askar, housekeeper.?"Now you see the true face of the Muslim Brotherhood.? Mursi's promises during the election meant nothing."

"They want to take over everything and we will never get them out," she said.

In Egypt's elections, politics is a new family affair

Askar had planned on boycotting like most people in her low income-district called the Slaughterhouse.?

Now she is going to go cast her ballot for Shafiq.?

In Egypt's rural countryside, typically a conservative Muslim Brotherhood stronghold, veterinarian Abdul Sitar said people were enraged by the court decisions that snatched away the party's victory.?

"Why would they overrule the will of the people," he argued. ?"The parliament was chosen by the people."?

Ahmed Jadallah / Reuters

Presidential candidate Mohamed Mursi of the Muslim Brotherhood waves to a crowd outside a mosque after attending Friday Prayers in Cairo.

He is going to vote Mursi and said everybody in his area is even more committed to vote him in.???

On her way home to Helwan, an industrial area south of Cairo, a cook said people on her bus were cheering "Shafiq, Shafiq!!"?

She said nobody from her area is voting Mursi because, according to recent media reports, he is physically unfit to serve as president.

PhotoBlog: Egypt court rules Shafik can run in presidential election

The April 6 organization, which played an integral role in helping organize the revolution that toppled the former president, have already called for a march to Tahrir against yesterday's decision and against a Shafiq win.?

The influential revolutionary movement has already endorsed Islamist Mursi to stop the old regime from rolling back whatever gains have been made since they toppled a dictator.??

Nobody can predict who will win as voters go to the polls on Saturday and Sunday to make the hardest choice yet facing their young democracy.?

But one thing is certain -- the future will be anything but boring and turmoil will ensue no matter what the result.?

More world news from msnbc.com and NBC News:

Follow us on Twitter: @msnbc_world

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Innovation: China's next advantage?

Back to results >?or?Search again >

download PDF file >

Innovation: China's next advantage?

Publish Date: June 6, 2012
Author(s): Mansson, Anna; Veldhoen, Steven
Abstract: Results from the 2012 China Innovation Survey. China emerges as an innovation engine and Chinese companies are becoming serious competitors, according to a new report by the Benelux Chamber of Commerce, China Europe International Business School (CEIBS), Wenzhou Chamber of Commerce and Booz & Company.
Related Industries: Automotive, Consumer Products, Health, Industrials, Technology
Related Expertise Areas: Innovation, Operations

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AGU Journal highlights - June 15, 2012

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 15-Jun-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Mary Catherine Adams
mcadams@agu.org
202-777-7530
American Geophysical Union

The following highlights summarize research papers that have been recently published in Geophysical Research Letters (GRL), and Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans (JGR-C).

In this release:

1. Measuring currents between North Atlantic and Nordic Seas

2. For first time, entire thermal infrared spectrum observed

3. Changing El Nino could reshape Pacific Ocean biology

4. Italian super-eruption larger than thought

5. Langmuir circulation inhibits near-surface water turbulence

6. Seasonal algae plays critical role in North Pacific carbon uptake

Anyone may read the scientific abstract for any already-published paper by clicking on the link provided at the end of each Highlight. You can also read the abstract by going to http://www.agu.org/pubs/search_options.shtml and inserting into the search engine the full doi (digital object identifier), e.g. 10.1029/2012GL051269. The doi is found at the end of each Highlight below.

Journalists and public information officers (PIOs) at educational or scientific institutions who are registered with AGU also may download papers cited in this release by clicking on the links below. Instructions for members of the news media, PIOs, and the public for downloading or ordering the full text of any research paper summarized below are available at http://www.agu.org/news/press/papers.shtml.>


1. Measuring currents between North Atlantic and Nordic Seas

The fluxes of water from the North Atlantic to the Nordic Seas provide a measure of the water that flows into and out of the global ocean as part of the meridional overturning circulation. The meridional overturning circulation, which carries warm water in the Atlantic from the tropics northward and brings cold dense water back southward, is a key part of global ocean circulation and a strong influence on climate; some research has suggested that the meridional overturning circulation could slow down as the global climate warms. Using an acoustic Doppler current profiler mounted in the high seas ferry Norrona to repeatedly measure the currents in the Faroe-Shetland Channel and over the Iceland-Faroe Ridge, Rossby and Flagg report on three years of weekly measurements that provide a new, accurate measure of the exchange of water between the North Atlantic to the Nordic Seas. The observations will be useful in understanding the meridional overturning circulation.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051269, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051269

Title: Direct measurement of volume flux in the Faroe-Shetland Channel and over the Iceland-Faroe Ridge

Authors: T. Rossby: Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA;

C. N. Flagg: Marine Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.


2. For first time, entire thermal infrared spectrum observed

The driving mechanism of the greenhouse effect, and the underpinning of modern anthropogenic warming, is the absorption, emission, and transmission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases. The heat-trapping ability of a gas depends on its chemical composition, and each type of gas absorbs infrared radiation of different energies. The amount of infrared radiation that escapes into space depends on the net effect of the myriad gases in the atmosphere, with water vapor being the primary gaseous absorber of infrared radiation. Water vapor absorbs a wide range of infrared radiation, masking the effects of other gases. In fact, in many spectral regions (or infrared radiation energy bands), water vapor is so strongly absorbing that it makes testing the accuracy of infrared radiation absorption parameterizations used in general circulation models difficult.

To surmount this obstacle, Turner et al. headed to a 5.3-kilometer (3.3-mile) altitude site in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, where the air is extremely dry. Using a broad suite of spectroscopic equipment, they produce the first ground-based measurement of the entire atmospheric infrared radiation absorption spectrum-from 3.3 to 1000 micrometers-including spectral regions that are usually obscured by strong water vapor absorption and emission. Though the data collected will likely be valuable for a broad range of uses, the authors use their measurements to verify the water vapor absorption parameterizations used in the current generation of climate models.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051542, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051542

Title: Ground-based high spectral resolution observations of the entire terrestrial spectrum under extremely dry conditions

Authors: D. D. Turner: National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, Oklahoma, USA;

E. J. Mlawer and J. S. Delamere: Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA;

G. Bianchini and L. Palchetti: Istituto di Fisica Applicata "Nello Carrara, " Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;

M. P. Cadeddu: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA;

S. Crewell and G. Maschwitz: Institut fur Geophysik und Meteorologie, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;

R. O. Knuteson and D. C. Tobin: Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;

M. Mlynzcak: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA;

S. Paine: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.


3. Changing El Nino could reshape Pacific Ocean biology

Over the past few decades, the scientific understanding of El Nino has grown increasingly complex. Traditionally viewed as a periodic warming focused largely in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, El Nino is associated with reduced productivity in South American fisheries and changing temperature, pressure, and rainfall patterns around the world. In the 1990s, however, researchers started to notice a new kind of El Nino, one where anomalous ocean temperatures were concentrated mainly in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. This previously unknown mode of variability, now termed the Central Pacific (CP) El Nino, in contrast to the classical Eastern Pacific (EP) El Nino, has increased in frequency and intensity over the past 30 years. Some scientists expect CP El Ninos to become the dominant El Nino variant in response to global warming, so understanding their differing effects is a pressing concern.

Comparing the major 1997-98 EP and 2009-10 CP El Nino events, Gierach et al. determined the effect of each on surface ocean biology. Using a satellite-based proxy measurement for phytoplankton biomass, they find that the EP event brought about a strong decrease in both eastern and central Pacific biomass. The CP event ties to a larger decline in central Pacific phytoplankton biomass but has little effect on eastern Pacific activity. They find that during the CP event, strong westerly winds brought warm nutrient-depleted waters to the central Pacific from the west. For the EP El Nino, westerly winds weakened upwelling and vertical mixing in the eastern Pacific, inhibiting the supply of nutrients from the subsurface ocean. In both cases, a reduction in nutrient supply caused a drop in productivity in the near-surface tropical waters. The authors suggest that a shift to more frequent CP El Ninos in the future could alter ecosystem dynamics in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, enhancing productivity in the eastern basin while reducing it in the central basin.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051103, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051103

Title: Biological response to the 1997-98 and 2009-10 El Nino events in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Authors: Michelle M. Gierach and Tong Lee: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA;

Daniela Turk: Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA;

Michael J. McPhaden: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA.


4. Italian super-eruption larger than thought

Recent research suggested that the super-eruption of the Campi Flegrei caldera volcano in southern Italy about 40,000 years ago may have played a part in wiping out, or forcing the migration of, the Neanderthal and modern human populations in the eastern Mediterranean regions that were covered in ash. Now a new modeling study by Costa et al. suggests that this eruption may have been even larger than previously thought. This Campi Flegrei eruption produced a widespread ash layer known as Campanian Ignimbrite (CI). Using ash thickness measurements collected at 115 sites and a three-dimensional ash dispersal model, the authors find that the CI super-eruption would have spread 250-300 cubic kilometers (60-72 cubic miles) of ash across a 3.7-million-square-kilometer (1.4- million-square-mile) region-2 to 3 times previous ash volume estimates.

The updated values stem from a new method of modeling what the wind would have been like during the eruption. Traditionally, models assume a consistent wind field for the entire duration of an eruption. The authors, however, incorporate wind fields into the model that are based on 15 years of recent measurements, using the modern wind field that best accounts for the ash deposit measurements.

On the basis of their updated estimates, the authors calculate that up to 450 million kilograms (990 million pounds) of sulfur dioxide would have been spread into the atmosphere, driving down temperatures by 1-2 degrees Celsius (1.8-3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) for 2 to 3 years. Further, sulfur dioxide and chloride emissions would have triggered acidic rains, and fluorine-laden ash would have become incorporated into plant matter, potentially inducing fluorosis, replete with eye, tooth, and organ damage, in animal populations.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051605, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051605

Title: Quantifying volcanic ash dispersal and impact of the Campanian Ignimbrite super-eruption

Authors: A. Costa: Environmental Systems Science Centre, University of Reading, Reading, UK and Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione "Osservatorio Vesuviano," Napoli, Italy;

A. Folch: Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion, Barcelona, Spain;

G. Macedonio and R. Isaia: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione "Osservatorio Vesuviano," Napoli, Italy;

B. Giaccio: Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, CNR, Rome, Italy;

V. C. Smith: Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.


5. Langmuir circulation inhibits near-surface water turbulence

In the surface ocean, breaking waves are a major source of air bubbles and turbulent kinetic energy. During the presence of a consistent surface wind, these wave-generated bubbles, along with other surface material like seaweed or foam, can be drawn into long rows along the surface. Driving this organization is Langmuir circulation, a phenomenon in which the wind and waves cause surface waters to rotate helically, moving like a wire wrapped around a pole in the windward direction. These spiral currents oscillate between left-handed and right- handed rotations, such that in some places the surface waters are pushed together and in others they are pulled apart. Researchers have previously found that at sites of convergence the bubbles produced by breaking waves are pushed to depths of 15 meters (49 feet) or more, with important implications for air-sea gas mixing and other processes.

Of interest to Gemmrich, however, is whether Langmuir circulation-induced convergence also affects near-surface turbulent kinetic energy, the other product of breaking waves. Using measurements taken from aboard the R/P Floating Instrument Platform, a unique ship designed to deliberately flood itself to turn into a stable floating research station, the author finds that Langmuir circulation convergence zones suppressed turbulence in the near-surface ocean. The author suggests that in convergence zones the wave-generated bubbles that had been forced to depth would rise at varying rates, with large bubbles rising faster than small bubbles. This would cause the ocean waters to become stratified by air fraction. This stable stratification would, in turn, inhibit turbulence close to the surface. The results suggest that in a convergence zone, buoyant particles originating from a surface source-such as oil from a tanker spill-would get trapped in the near-surface waters rather than be mixed to depth, the opposite of what would have been previously assumed.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051691, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051691

Title: Bubble-induced turbulence suppression in Langmuir circulation

Authors: Johannes Gemmrich: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.


6. Seasonal algae plays critical role in North Pacific carbon uptake

The role of the North Pacific Ocean as a net carbon sink may prove to be more precarious than previously thought as researchers work to isolate the contributions of biological and physical processes to air-sea gas exchange. Scientists have long known that physical processes, such as the seasonally changing solubility of carbon dioxide in seawater, combine with a biological pump driven by seasonal shifts in phytoplankton growth to control the carbon dioxide flux in the region. A dearth of on-site evidence regarding biological pump function, however, has prevented researchers from assessing the relative importance of either mechanism to known carbon uptake rates. From data collected during four cruises from 2003 to 2008, Juranek et al. determined the strength of the biological pump, finding that for the northern Pacific Ocean it was strong enough to counteract solubility induced outgassing in summer, turning a net source region into a carbon sink.

The North Pacific is split into three sections: an anticyclonic subtropical gyre, a cyclonic subarctic gyre, and a transition zone sandwiched between. Superimposed on these largely stationary features, the transition zone chlorophyll front (TZCF) travels from 30 degrees North in winter to 40 degrees North in summer. Using dissolved gas concentration and isotope ratio detections, satellite measurements of chlorophyll concentrations, and other data sources, the authors map the oxygen and carbon dioxide budgets of the different North Pacific regions. They find that in the TZCF, biological productivity was 2-4 times higher than in adjacent regions. This spike was driven by the confluence of enhanced ocean mixing, increased nutrient availability, and a change in the TZCF's algal ecosystem composition. Owing to the newly realized power of the biological pump, the authors suggest that understanding how North Pacific algal populations could be affected by changing climate or hydrological conditions is a pressing concern.

Source: Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi:10.1029/2011JC007450, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007450

Title: Biological production in the NE Pacific and its influence on air-sea CO2 flux: Evidence from dissolved oxygen isotopes and O2/Ar

Authors: L. W. Juranek: College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;

P. D. Quay and D. Lockwood: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;

R. A. Feely: NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, USA;

D. M. Karl and M. J. Church: School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.

###

Contact:
Mary Catherine Adams
Phone (direct): +1 202 777 7530
Email: mcadams@agu.org



[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 15-Jun-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Mary Catherine Adams
mcadams@agu.org
202-777-7530
American Geophysical Union

The following highlights summarize research papers that have been recently published in Geophysical Research Letters (GRL), and Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans (JGR-C).

In this release:

1. Measuring currents between North Atlantic and Nordic Seas

2. For first time, entire thermal infrared spectrum observed

3. Changing El Nino could reshape Pacific Ocean biology

4. Italian super-eruption larger than thought

5. Langmuir circulation inhibits near-surface water turbulence

6. Seasonal algae plays critical role in North Pacific carbon uptake

Anyone may read the scientific abstract for any already-published paper by clicking on the link provided at the end of each Highlight. You can also read the abstract by going to http://www.agu.org/pubs/search_options.shtml and inserting into the search engine the full doi (digital object identifier), e.g. 10.1029/2012GL051269. The doi is found at the end of each Highlight below.

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1. Measuring currents between North Atlantic and Nordic Seas

The fluxes of water from the North Atlantic to the Nordic Seas provide a measure of the water that flows into and out of the global ocean as part of the meridional overturning circulation. The meridional overturning circulation, which carries warm water in the Atlantic from the tropics northward and brings cold dense water back southward, is a key part of global ocean circulation and a strong influence on climate; some research has suggested that the meridional overturning circulation could slow down as the global climate warms. Using an acoustic Doppler current profiler mounted in the high seas ferry Norrona to repeatedly measure the currents in the Faroe-Shetland Channel and over the Iceland-Faroe Ridge, Rossby and Flagg report on three years of weekly measurements that provide a new, accurate measure of the exchange of water between the North Atlantic to the Nordic Seas. The observations will be useful in understanding the meridional overturning circulation.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051269, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051269

Title: Direct measurement of volume flux in the Faroe-Shetland Channel and over the Iceland-Faroe Ridge

Authors: T. Rossby: Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA;

C. N. Flagg: Marine Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.


2. For first time, entire thermal infrared spectrum observed

The driving mechanism of the greenhouse effect, and the underpinning of modern anthropogenic warming, is the absorption, emission, and transmission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases. The heat-trapping ability of a gas depends on its chemical composition, and each type of gas absorbs infrared radiation of different energies. The amount of infrared radiation that escapes into space depends on the net effect of the myriad gases in the atmosphere, with water vapor being the primary gaseous absorber of infrared radiation. Water vapor absorbs a wide range of infrared radiation, masking the effects of other gases. In fact, in many spectral regions (or infrared radiation energy bands), water vapor is so strongly absorbing that it makes testing the accuracy of infrared radiation absorption parameterizations used in general circulation models difficult.

To surmount this obstacle, Turner et al. headed to a 5.3-kilometer (3.3-mile) altitude site in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, where the air is extremely dry. Using a broad suite of spectroscopic equipment, they produce the first ground-based measurement of the entire atmospheric infrared radiation absorption spectrum-from 3.3 to 1000 micrometers-including spectral regions that are usually obscured by strong water vapor absorption and emission. Though the data collected will likely be valuable for a broad range of uses, the authors use their measurements to verify the water vapor absorption parameterizations used in the current generation of climate models.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051542, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051542

Title: Ground-based high spectral resolution observations of the entire terrestrial spectrum under extremely dry conditions

Authors: D. D. Turner: National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, Oklahoma, USA;

E. J. Mlawer and J. S. Delamere: Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA;

G. Bianchini and L. Palchetti: Istituto di Fisica Applicata "Nello Carrara, " Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;

M. P. Cadeddu: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA;

S. Crewell and G. Maschwitz: Institut fur Geophysik und Meteorologie, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;

R. O. Knuteson and D. C. Tobin: Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;

M. Mlynzcak: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA;

S. Paine: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.


3. Changing El Nino could reshape Pacific Ocean biology

Over the past few decades, the scientific understanding of El Nino has grown increasingly complex. Traditionally viewed as a periodic warming focused largely in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, El Nino is associated with reduced productivity in South American fisheries and changing temperature, pressure, and rainfall patterns around the world. In the 1990s, however, researchers started to notice a new kind of El Nino, one where anomalous ocean temperatures were concentrated mainly in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. This previously unknown mode of variability, now termed the Central Pacific (CP) El Nino, in contrast to the classical Eastern Pacific (EP) El Nino, has increased in frequency and intensity over the past 30 years. Some scientists expect CP El Ninos to become the dominant El Nino variant in response to global warming, so understanding their differing effects is a pressing concern.

Comparing the major 1997-98 EP and 2009-10 CP El Nino events, Gierach et al. determined the effect of each on surface ocean biology. Using a satellite-based proxy measurement for phytoplankton biomass, they find that the EP event brought about a strong decrease in both eastern and central Pacific biomass. The CP event ties to a larger decline in central Pacific phytoplankton biomass but has little effect on eastern Pacific activity. They find that during the CP event, strong westerly winds brought warm nutrient-depleted waters to the central Pacific from the west. For the EP El Nino, westerly winds weakened upwelling and vertical mixing in the eastern Pacific, inhibiting the supply of nutrients from the subsurface ocean. In both cases, a reduction in nutrient supply caused a drop in productivity in the near-surface tropical waters. The authors suggest that a shift to more frequent CP El Ninos in the future could alter ecosystem dynamics in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, enhancing productivity in the eastern basin while reducing it in the central basin.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051103, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051103

Title: Biological response to the 1997-98 and 2009-10 El Nino events in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Authors: Michelle M. Gierach and Tong Lee: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA;

Daniela Turk: Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA;

Michael J. McPhaden: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA.


4. Italian super-eruption larger than thought

Recent research suggested that the super-eruption of the Campi Flegrei caldera volcano in southern Italy about 40,000 years ago may have played a part in wiping out, or forcing the migration of, the Neanderthal and modern human populations in the eastern Mediterranean regions that were covered in ash. Now a new modeling study by Costa et al. suggests that this eruption may have been even larger than previously thought. This Campi Flegrei eruption produced a widespread ash layer known as Campanian Ignimbrite (CI). Using ash thickness measurements collected at 115 sites and a three-dimensional ash dispersal model, the authors find that the CI super-eruption would have spread 250-300 cubic kilometers (60-72 cubic miles) of ash across a 3.7-million-square-kilometer (1.4- million-square-mile) region-2 to 3 times previous ash volume estimates.

The updated values stem from a new method of modeling what the wind would have been like during the eruption. Traditionally, models assume a consistent wind field for the entire duration of an eruption. The authors, however, incorporate wind fields into the model that are based on 15 years of recent measurements, using the modern wind field that best accounts for the ash deposit measurements.

On the basis of their updated estimates, the authors calculate that up to 450 million kilograms (990 million pounds) of sulfur dioxide would have been spread into the atmosphere, driving down temperatures by 1-2 degrees Celsius (1.8-3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) for 2 to 3 years. Further, sulfur dioxide and chloride emissions would have triggered acidic rains, and fluorine-laden ash would have become incorporated into plant matter, potentially inducing fluorosis, replete with eye, tooth, and organ damage, in animal populations.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051605, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051605

Title: Quantifying volcanic ash dispersal and impact of the Campanian Ignimbrite super-eruption

Authors: A. Costa: Environmental Systems Science Centre, University of Reading, Reading, UK and Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione "Osservatorio Vesuviano," Napoli, Italy;

A. Folch: Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion, Barcelona, Spain;

G. Macedonio and R. Isaia: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione "Osservatorio Vesuviano," Napoli, Italy;

B. Giaccio: Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, CNR, Rome, Italy;

V. C. Smith: Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.


5. Langmuir circulation inhibits near-surface water turbulence

In the surface ocean, breaking waves are a major source of air bubbles and turbulent kinetic energy. During the presence of a consistent surface wind, these wave-generated bubbles, along with other surface material like seaweed or foam, can be drawn into long rows along the surface. Driving this organization is Langmuir circulation, a phenomenon in which the wind and waves cause surface waters to rotate helically, moving like a wire wrapped around a pole in the windward direction. These spiral currents oscillate between left-handed and right- handed rotations, such that in some places the surface waters are pushed together and in others they are pulled apart. Researchers have previously found that at sites of convergence the bubbles produced by breaking waves are pushed to depths of 15 meters (49 feet) or more, with important implications for air-sea gas mixing and other processes.

Of interest to Gemmrich, however, is whether Langmuir circulation-induced convergence also affects near-surface turbulent kinetic energy, the other product of breaking waves. Using measurements taken from aboard the R/P Floating Instrument Platform, a unique ship designed to deliberately flood itself to turn into a stable floating research station, the author finds that Langmuir circulation convergence zones suppressed turbulence in the near-surface ocean. The author suggests that in convergence zones the wave-generated bubbles that had been forced to depth would rise at varying rates, with large bubbles rising faster than small bubbles. This would cause the ocean waters to become stratified by air fraction. This stable stratification would, in turn, inhibit turbulence close to the surface. The results suggest that in a convergence zone, buoyant particles originating from a surface source-such as oil from a tanker spill-would get trapped in the near-surface waters rather than be mixed to depth, the opposite of what would have been previously assumed.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051691, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051691

Title: Bubble-induced turbulence suppression in Langmuir circulation

Authors: Johannes Gemmrich: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.


6. Seasonal algae plays critical role in North Pacific carbon uptake

The role of the North Pacific Ocean as a net carbon sink may prove to be more precarious than previously thought as researchers work to isolate the contributions of biological and physical processes to air-sea gas exchange. Scientists have long known that physical processes, such as the seasonally changing solubility of carbon dioxide in seawater, combine with a biological pump driven by seasonal shifts in phytoplankton growth to control the carbon dioxide flux in the region. A dearth of on-site evidence regarding biological pump function, however, has prevented researchers from assessing the relative importance of either mechanism to known carbon uptake rates. From data collected during four cruises from 2003 to 2008, Juranek et al. determined the strength of the biological pump, finding that for the northern Pacific Ocean it was strong enough to counteract solubility induced outgassing in summer, turning a net source region into a carbon sink.

The North Pacific is split into three sections: an anticyclonic subtropical gyre, a cyclonic subarctic gyre, and a transition zone sandwiched between. Superimposed on these largely stationary features, the transition zone chlorophyll front (TZCF) travels from 30 degrees North in winter to 40 degrees North in summer. Using dissolved gas concentration and isotope ratio detections, satellite measurements of chlorophyll concentrations, and other data sources, the authors map the oxygen and carbon dioxide budgets of the different North Pacific regions. They find that in the TZCF, biological productivity was 2-4 times higher than in adjacent regions. This spike was driven by the confluence of enhanced ocean mixing, increased nutrient availability, and a change in the TZCF's algal ecosystem composition. Owing to the newly realized power of the biological pump, the authors suggest that understanding how North Pacific algal populations could be affected by changing climate or hydrological conditions is a pressing concern.

Source: Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi:10.1029/2011JC007450, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007450

Title: Biological production in the NE Pacific and its influence on air-sea CO2 flux: Evidence from dissolved oxygen isotopes and O2/Ar

Authors: L. W. Juranek: College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;

P. D. Quay and D. Lockwood: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;

R. A. Feely: NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, USA;

D. M. Karl and M. J. Church: School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.

###

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Email: mcadams@agu.org



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